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What are vertebral fractures and how they are treated?

Vertebral fractures are breaks or cracks in the bones of the spine, called vertebrae. These fractures can occur due to various reasons, including trauma, osteoporosis (a condition causing weakening of the bones), tumors, or infections. Here’s a brief overview of vertebral fractures and treatment options:

1. Types of Vertebral Fractures:
   • Compression Fractures: These fractures occur when the front portion of the vertebral body collapses due to compression forces. Compression fractures are commonly associated with osteoporosis.
   • Burst Fractures: These fractures involve the entire vertebral body and may result from significant trauma, such as a fall from height or a motor vehicle accident.
   • Fracture-dislocations: These fractures involve displacement of the vertebral body relative to the adjacent vertebrae and are often associated with high-energy trauma.
2. Symptoms:
   • Back pain is the most common symptom of vertebral fractures, especially with movement or weight-bearing.
   • Numbness, tingling, or weakness may occur if the fracture compresses spinal nerves or the spinal cord.
3. Diagnostic Evaluation:
   • Imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans are used to diagnose vertebral fractures and evaluate their severity and associated complications.
4. Treatment Options:
   • Conservative Management: Many vertebral fractures can be managed conservatively with rest, pain medications, and bracing. Physical therapy may be recommended to improve mobility and strength.
   • Vertebroplasty or Kyphoplasty: For painful compression fractures, minimally invasive procedures such as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty may be performed. These procedures involve injecting bone cement into the fractured vertebra to stabilize it and relieve pain.
   • Surgery: Surgery may be necessary for certain types of vertebral fractures, particularly those associated with spinal instability, neurological deficits, or progressive deformity. Surgical options include spinal fusion, vertebral augmentation, or instrumentation to stabilize the spine.
   • Management of Underlying Conditions: If vertebral fractures are caused by osteoporosis or other underlying conditions, treatment of the underlying condition is essential to prevent future fractures. This may involve medications to improve bone density, lifestyle modifications, and fall prevention strategies.
5. Rehabilitation:
   • Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in the recovery from vertebral fractures, particularly for regaining strength, flexibility, and function. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, and home exercises may be recommended to facilitate recovery and prevent complications.

Overall, the management of vertebral fractures depends on factors such as the type and severity of the fracture, associated symptoms, and underlying conditions. Treatment is individualized based on the patient’s specific needs and goals, with the aim of relieving pain, restoring function, and preventing complications.